Method of making a fecraI material and such material

ABSTRACT

A method of producing an FeCrAl material by gas atomization, wherein in addition to containing iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and aluminium (Al) the material also contains minor fractions of one or more of the materials molybdenum (Mo), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), nitrogen (N), carbon (C) and oxygen (O). The invention is characterized by causing the smelt to be atomized to contain 0.05-0.50 percent by weight tantalum (Ta) and, at the same time, less than 0.10 percent by weight titanium (Ti). According to one highly preferred embodiment, nitrogen gas (N 2 ) is used as an atomizing gas to which a given amount of oxygen gas (O 2 ) is added, said amount of oxygen gas being such as to cause the atomized powder to contain 0.02-0.10 percent by weight oxygen (O) at the same time as the nitrogen content of the powder is 0.01-0.06 percent by weight. The invention also relates to a high temperature material.

[0001] The present invention relates to a method of producing an FeCrAl material, and also to such material.

[0002] Conventional iron based alloys containing typically Fe and 12-25% Cr and 3-7% Al, so-called FeCrAl-alloys, have been found highly useful in various high temperature applications, due to their good oxidation resistance. Thus, such materials have been used in the production of electrical resistance elements and as carrier materials in motor vehicle catalysts. As a result of its aluminium content, the alloy is able to form at high temperatures and in the majority of atmospheres an impervious and adhesive surface oxide consisting substantially of Al₂O₃. This oxide protects the metal against further oxidation and also against many other forms of corrosion, such as carburization, sulphuration, etc..

[0003] A pure FeCrAl alloy is characterised by a relatively low mechanical strength at elevated temperatures. Such alloys are relatively weak at high temperatures and tend to become brittle at low temperatures subsequent to having been subjected to elevated temperatures for a relatively long period of time, due to grain growth. One way of improving the high temperature strength of such alloys is to include non-metallic inclusions in the alloy and therewith obtain a precipitation hardening effect.

[0004] One known way of adding said inclusions is by a so-called mechanical alloying process in which the components are mixed in solid phase. In this regard, a mixture of fine oxide powder, conventionally Y₂O₃, and metal powder having an FeCrAl composition is ground in high energy mills over a long period of time until an homogenous structure is obtained.

[0005] Grinding results in a powder that can later be consolidated, for instance by hot extrusion or hot isostatic pressing to form a completely tight product.

[0006] Although Y₂O₃ can be considered to be a highly stable oxide from a thermodynamical aspect, small particles of yttrium can be transformed or dissolved in a metal matrix under different circumstances.

[0007] It is known that in a mechanical alloy process yttrium particles react with aluminium and oxygen, therewith forming different kinds of Y-Al-oxides. The composition of these mixed oxide inclusions will change and their stability lowered during long-term use of the material, due to changes in the surrounding matrix.

[0008] It has also been reported that an addition of a strongly oxide-forming element in the form of titanium to a mechanically alloyed material that contains Y₂O₃ and 12% Cr can cause the separation of complex (Y+Ti) oxides, resulting in a material that has greater mechanical strength than a material that contains no titanium. The strength at elevated temperatures can be further improved, by adding molybdenum.

[0009] Thus, a material that has good strength properties can be obtained by means of a mechanical alloying process.

[0010] Mechanical alloying, however, is encumbered with several drawbacks. Mechanical alloying is carried out batch-wise in high energy mills, in which the components are mixed to obtain an homogenous mixture. The batches are relatively limited in size, and the grinding process requires a relatively long period of time to complete. The grinding process is also energy demanding. The decisive drawback with mechanical alloying resides in the high product costs entailed.

[0011] A process in which an FeCrAl material alloyed with fine particles could be produced without needing to apply high energy grinding would be highly beneficial from the aspect of cost.

[0012] It would be to advantage if the material could be produced by gas atomisation, i.e. the production of a fine powder that is later compressed. This process is less expensive than when the powder is produced by grinding. Very small carbides and nitrides are precipitated in conjunction with the rapid solidification process, such carbides and nitrides being desirable.

[0013] However, the titanium constitutes a serious problem when atomising an FeCrAl material. The problem is that small particles of mainly TiN and TiC are formed in the smelt prior to atomisation. These particles tend to fasten on the refractory material. Since the smelt passes through a relatively fine ceramic nozzle prior to atomisation, these particles will fasten to the nozzle and gradually accumulate. This causes clogging of the nozzle, therewith making it necessary to disrupt the atomisation process. Such stoppages in production are expensive and troublesome. Consequently, FeCrAl materials that contain titanium are not produced by atomisation in practice.

[0014] The present invention solves this problem and relates to a method in which an FeCrAl material can be produced by means of atomisation.

[0015] The present invention thus relates to a method of producing an FeCrAl material by gas atomisation, wherein said material in addition to iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and aluminium (Al) also contains minor fractions of one or more of the materials molybdenum (Mo), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), nitrogen (N), carbon (C) and oxygen (O), and wherein the method is characterised by causing the smelt to be atomised to contain 0.05-0.50 percent by weight tantalum (Ta) and, at the same time, less than 0.10 percent by weight titanium (Ti).

[0016] The invention also relates to a material of the kind defined in Claim 6 and having the essential features set forth in said Claim.

[0017] The present invention relates to a method of producing an FeCrAl material by gas atomisation. In addition to iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and aluminium (Al), the FeCrAl material also includes minor fractions of one or more of the materials molybdenum (Mo), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), nitrogen (N), carbon (C) and oxygen (O).

[0018] According to the present invention, the smelt to be atomised is caused to contain 0.05-0.50 percent by weight tantalum (Ta) and also less than 0.10 percent by weight titanium (Ti).

[0019] It has been found that tantalum imparts strength properties that are comparable with those obtained when using titanium at the same time as TiC and TiN are not formed in quantities that cause clogging of the nozzle. This applies even when the smelt contains 0.10 percent by weight titanium.

[0020] Thus, it is possible to produce the material in question by gas atomisation, by using tantalum instead of at least a part of the titanium quantity.

[0021] It is usual, and also possible, to use argon (Ar) as the atomising gas. However, argon is adsorbed partly on accessible and available surfaces and partly in pores in the powder grains. In conjunction with subsequent heat consolidation and heat processing of the product, the argon will collect under high pressure in microdefects. These defects swell to form pores in later use at low pressure and high temperature, thereby impairing the strength of the product.

[0022] Powder that is atomised by means of nitrogen gas does not behave in the same manner as argon, since nitrogen has greater solubility in the metal than argon and since nitrogen is able to form nitrides. When gas atomising with pure nitrogen gas, the aluminium will react with the gas and marked nitration of the surfaces of the powder grains can occur. This nitration makes it difficult to create bonds between the powder grains in conjunction with hot isostatic pressing (HIP), causing difficulties in the heat processing or the heat treatment of the resultant blank. In addition, individual powder grains may be so significantly nitrated as to cause the major part of the aluminium to bind as nitrides. Such particles are unable to form a protective oxide. Consequently, they can disturb the formation of oxide if they are present close to the surface of the end product.

[0023] It has been found that some oxidation of the powder surfaces is obtained when a controlled amount of gaseous oxygen is supplied to the nitrogen gas, while considerably reducing nitration at the same time. The risk of oxide disturbances is also greatly reduced.

[0024] Consequently, in accordance with one highly preferred embodiment, nitrogen gas (N₂) is used as an atomising gas to which a given quantity of oxygen gas (O₂) is added, said amount of oxygen gas being such as to cause the atomised powder to contain 0.02-0.10 percent by weight oxygen (O) at the same time as the nitrogen content of the powder is 0.01-0.06 percent by weight.

[0025] According to one preferred embodiment, the smelt is caused to have a composition in which the powder obtained has the following composition in percent by weight, subsequent to atomisation: Fe balance Cr   15-25 percent by weight Al   3-7 Mo   0-5 Y 0.05-0.60 Zr 0.01-0.30 Hf 0.05-0.50 Ta 0.05-0.50 Ti   0-0.10 C 0.01-0.05 N 0.01-0.06 O 0.02-0.10 Si 0.10-0.70 Mn 0.05-0.50 P   0-0.08 S   0-0.005

[0026] According to one particularly preferred embodiment, the smelt is caused to have a composition such that subsequent to atomisation the resultant powder will have roughly the following composition in percent by weight: Fe balance Cr 21 percent by weight Al  4.7 Mo  3 Y  0.2 Zr  0.1 Hf  0.2 Ta  0.2 Ti <0.05 C  0.03 N  0.04 O  0.06 Si  0.4 Mn  0.15 P <0.02 S <0.001

[0027] Subsequent to heat treatment, the creep strength or creep resistance of the material is influenced to a great extent by the presence of oxides of yttrium and tantalum and by carbides of hafnium and zirconium.

[0028] According to one preferred embodiment, the value of the formula ((3×Y+Ta)×O)+((2×Zr +Hf)×(N+C)), where elements in the formula shall be replaced by the content in weight percent of respective elements in the smelt, is greater than 0.04 but smaller than 0.35.

[0029] Although the invention has been described above with reference to a number of exemplifying embodiments, it will be understood that the composition of the material can be modified to some extent while still obtaining a satisfactory material.

[0030] The present invention is therefore not restricted to said embodiments, since variations can be made within the scope of the accompanying Claims. 

1. A method of producing an FeCrAl material by gas atomisation, said material also containing in addition to iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and aluminium (Al) minor fractions of one or more of the materials molybdenum (Mo), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), nitrogen (N), carbon (C) and oxygen (O), characterised in that the smelt to be atomised is caused to contain 0.05-0.50 percent by weight tantalum (Ta) and, at the same time, less than 0.10 percent by weight titanium (Ti).
 2. A method according to claim 1, characterised by using nitrogen gas (N₂) as an atomising gas and by adding a given amount of oxygen gas (O₂) to the atomising gas, wherein said amount of oxygen gas is caused to be such that the atomised powder will contain 0.02-0.10 percent by weight oxygen (O) at the same time as the nitrogen content of the powder is 0.01-0.06 percent by weight.
 3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterised by causing the smelt to have a composition such that the powder obtained after atomisation will have the following composition in percent by weight: Fe balance Cr   15-25 percent by weight Al   3-7 Mo   0-5 Y 0.05-0.60 Zr 0.01-0.30 Hf 0.05-0.50 Ta 0.05-0.50 Ti   0-0.10 C 0.01-0.05 N 0.01-0.06 O 0.02-0.10 Si 0.10-0.70 Mn 0.05-0.50 P   0-0.8 S   0-0.005


4. A method according to claim 3, characterised by causing the smelt to have a composition such that the powder obtained after atomisation has the following approximate composition in percent by weight: Fe balance Cr 21 percent by weight Al  4.7 Mo  3 Y  0.2 Zr  0.1 Hf  0.2 Ta  0.2 Ti <0.05 C  0.03 N  0.04 O  0.06 Si  0.4 Mn  0.15 P <0.02 S <0.001


5. A method according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, characterised in that the value of the formula ((3×Y+Ta)×O)+((2×Zr+Hf)×(N+C)), in which the elements are given in percent by weight in the smelt, shall exceed 0.04 but be less than 0.35.
 6. High temperature material of a powder metallurgical FeCrAl alloy produced by gas atomisation, wherein the material in addition to containing iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and aluminium (Al) also includes minor fractions of one or more of the materials molybdenum (Mo), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), nitrogen (N), carbon (C) and oxygen (O), characterised in that the material includes 0.05-0.50 percent by weight tantalum (Ta) and, at the same time, less than 0.10 percent by weight titanium (Ti).
 7. High temperature material according to claim 6, characterised in that the powder obtained by gas atomisation has the following composition in percent by weight: Fe balance Cr   15-25 percent by weight Al   3-7 Mo   0-5 Y 0.05-0.60 Zr 0.01-0.30 Hf 0.05-0.50 Ta 0.05-0.50 Ti   0-0.10 C 0.01-0.05 N 0.01-0.06 O 0.02-0.10 Si 0.10-0.70 Mn 0.05-0.50 P   0-0.08 S   0-0.005


8. High temperature material according to claim 7, characterised in that the powder obtained has the following approximate composition in percent by weight: Fe balance Cr 21 percent by weight Al  4.7 Mo  3 Y  0.2 Zr  0.1 Hf  0.2 Ta  0.2 Ti <0.05 C  0.03 N  0.04 O  0.06 Si  0.4 Mn  0.15 P <0.02 S <0.001


9. High temperature material according to claim 6, 7 or 8, characterised in that the value of the formula ((3×Y+Ta)×O)+((2×Zr+Hf)×(N+C)), in which the elements are given in percent by weight in the smelt, shall exceed 0.04 but be less than 0.35. 